Dive Into the Water Market: A Guide to Investing in Water in India6-min read

Water is an essential resource, one that sustains life on Earth, yet its scarcity is becoming a significant global issue. With rising populations, industrialization, and climate change, the demand for water is increasing rapidly. By 2050, global water demand is expected to rise by 55%, mainly driven by agricultural and industrial needs. Water is no longer seen just as a resource but as an economic commodity, leading to a surge in investments in water-based assets. For a country like India, where water availability is under pressure, these trends have substantial implications for both the environment and the economy.

In recent years, water investments have evolved into a distinct asset class, allowing investors to engage in water futures, water infrastructure projects, water utility companies, and technological advancements in water management. The objective is to both safeguard water supplies and leverage its economic potential. This article will provide a thorough exploration of how water can be an investment opportunity, particularly in the context of India, where water is critical for agriculture, urban development, and industrial growth.

In This Guide:

Verified Online Brokers for Water Investments in India

Types of Water Investments

Water Investments in India: Key Factors

Risks and Challenges in Water Investments

Future Prospects and Conclusion

References

Verified Online Brokers for Water Investments in India for April 2025

Types of Water Investments

There are several ways to invest in water-related assets. Let’s look at the key types of water investments that have gained traction globally and in India.

1. Water Futures
   A relatively new area, water futures allow investors to speculate on the future price of water. Much like futures contracts for oil, natural gas, or gold, water futures are sensitive to regional water supply and demand dynamics. The first such market was established in California in 2020, given the state’s recurrent droughts and high water demands. In water-scarce regions like India, the potential for water futures is significant, especially as climate patterns become less predictable, leading to fluctuating water availability and pricing risks. However, this form of investment is still in its infancy in India and requires robust regulatory oversight.
2. Water Utility Companies
   Water utility companies manage the supply and treatment of water for domestic, commercial, and industrial use. They are vital in urban infrastructure, dealing with water distribution networks, sewage treatment, and water recycling. Investments in water utility companies can provide stable returns as water is a basic necessity with consistent demand. Indian water utilities, many of which are state-owned or operate under public-private partnerships, offer long-term growth potential. With the government’s push towards improving urban water infrastructure under schemes like Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Jal Jeevan Mission, these companies are likely to see increased investment flows​.
3. Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) Focusing on Water
   Water-based Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) offer diversified exposure to a portfolio of water-related companies, including those in water treatment, desalination, and infrastructure. Global water ETFs include holdings from companies like Veolia, American Water Works, and Xylem, which focus on various water-related services. In India, although such ETFs are relatively less developed, global ETFs offer Indian investors access to global water infrastructure growth. With Indian industries increasingly focusing on efficient water management, there is potential for local water ETFs to emerge in the future.
4. Agricultural and Farmland Investments
   In India, where 80% of freshwater is used in agriculture, water availability is crucial for the country’s food security. Investments in farmlands with sustainable water management practices or water rights are valuable. With the advent of precision irrigation technologies, drip irrigation, and government initiatives promoting water-efficient farming, this sector presents lucrative opportunities for investors. India’s agricultural reforms, alongside the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, aim to improve water use efficiency, further making this sector attractive for investment​.

Water Investments in India: Key Factors

India presents a unique opportunity for water investments due to its large population, rapid urbanization, and heavy reliance on agriculture. However, the country also faces significant water-related challenges:

1. Water Scarcity
   According to a report by NITI Aayog, India is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. Several major Indian cities, including Delhi, Bengaluru, and Chennai, are at risk of running out of groundwater. This scarcity is exacerbated by inefficient water usage in agriculture and inadequate water infrastructure. The World Bank estimates that by 2030, India could face a 50% gap between water supply and demand​. This makes investment in water conservation, management, and infrastructure crucial for the country’s future.
2. Government Initiatives
   The Indian government has recognized the critical need for better water management. The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide tap water connections to all rural households by 2024, and already, over 50% of households have benefited from this initiative​. Similarly, the Namami Gange Program aims to clean and rejuvenate the Ganga River, a lifeline for millions of Indians. These initiatives open avenues for private sector investments in water treatment, supply, and infrastructure.
3. Private Sector Participation
   India’s water infrastructure is ripe for private sector participation. The government has encouraged private investments through public-private partnerships (PPPs) in building water treatment plants, desalination units, and water distribution networks. Private players are already investing in innovative solutions, such as smart water meters, water-efficient irrigation systems, and wastewater treatment technologies​.
4. Technology and Innovation
   Emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and smart sensors are being integrated into water management systems to monitor water usage, detect leaks, and optimize water distribution. In India, startups focusing on water-tech innovations are gaining traction. Companies are also investing in desalination plants, especially in coastal cities facing freshwater shortages. With India being the second-largest market for water and wastewater management technologies, this area presents a strong growth potential​.

Risks and Challenges in Water Investments

While water investments offer significant opportunities, they also come with risks:

1. Regulatory Challenges
   Water is a politically sensitive issue in India. Regulations can change quickly based on regional needs, electoral pressures, and public opinion. Water pricing is often subsidized, and any attempts to commoditize or privatize water can face strong opposition from both political entities and the public.
2. Environmental and Ethical Concerns
   Water is a public good, and there are ethical concerns about treating it as a commodity. Privatization of water resources, if not managed properly, can lead to unequal access, disproportionately affecting lower-income communities. In India, where water availability varies drastically between regions, such concerns are magnified.
3. Climate Change
   Climate change poses a significant risk to water investments. Droughts, floods, and erratic monsoons can disrupt water availability, making water investments highly unpredictable in some regions. However, this also opens opportunities for investments in climate-resilient infrastructure and technologies that can mitigate these risks​.

Future Prospects and Conclusion

The future of water as an investment is closely tied to global sustainability goals and the increasing demand for clean water amidst rising scarcity. In India, the growing urbanization, the need for efficient agricultural water use, and the government’s focus on improving water infrastructure make water investments a promising venture.

Investors looking at water as a commodity should consider the long-term potential, driven by factors like climate change, agricultural demands, and the global push for sustainable development. In India, investments in technologies like desalination, smart water systems, and sustainable irrigation practices can yield both financial returns and positive social impacts. However, the sector requires careful consideration of regulatory frameworks, environmental impacts, and ethical dimensions to ensure that water remains accessible to all while becoming a key component of the investment portfolio.

By integrating technological innovation, policy reforms, and sustainable management practices, India can secure its water future and create significant opportunities for investors looking to make a meaningful impact on both the environment and the economy.

References: Investing in Water

• Investopedia. (2006). How to Invest in Water. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/06/water.asp.
• CNN Underscored. (2023). How to Invest in Water. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/money/how-to-invest-in-water.
• JustETF. (2024). How to Invest in Water: Thematic ETF Guide. Available at: https://www.justetf.com/en/how-to/invest-in-water.html.
• World Economic Forum. (2023). How to scale up much-needed finance for India’s water sector. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/05/scale-up-finance-india-water-sector.
• AvaTrade. (2023). What Instruments can I trade with AvaTrade?. Available at: https://support.avatrade.com/hc/en-us/articles/360001760832-What-Instruments-can-I-trade-with-AvaTrade.
• Investing.com. (2023). AvaTrade Review. Available at: https://in.investing.com/brokers/avatrade-review.
• KPMG India. (2023). Moving towards a water-secure future. Available at: https://home.kpmg/in/en/home/insights/2023/07/moving-towards-a-water-secure-future.html.